Under construction Resources under construction may not yet have been fully reviewed.

Food for thought

## Solution 1

I slowly pull a weight along a (rough) table using a piece of string, moving my hand in a straight line.

This applet shows the situation in an ideal setting: the weight is at $P$, and the end of the string is at $A$. Move $A$ to see what happens. (Note that if you move $A$ backwards again in this applet, the weight simply retraces its path, which is not what would happen in reality.)

You can use the slider ($a$) to adjust the length of the string.

What is the shape of the path that the weight traverses?

From the applet or by thinking about the problem, how does the line $AP$ relate to the path?

How can you use this to solve the problem?

The line $AP$ appears to be a tangent to the path.

This is true, since the weight is always being pulled in the direction of the string. As it is moving slowly (due to friction), it will move in the direction it is being pulled.

If we draw in the angle of $AP$, we see the following:

If we let the coordinates of $P$ be $(x,y)$, then we have $\frac{dy}{dx}=-\tan\psi.$ But we also know that the length of $AP$ is $a$, so we also have $a\sin\psi=y$ from the right-angled triangle with hypotenuse $AP$.

Since $\sin\psi=y/a$, we have $\cos\psi=\sqrt{1-\sin^2\psi}=\sqrt{1-y^2/a^2}$. Thus we have, from $dy/dx=-\tan\psi$: $\frac{dy}{dx}=-\frac{y/a}{\sqrt{1-y^2/a^2}}=-\frac{y}{\sqrt{a^2-y^2}}.$ This is a separable differential equation, so we get $\int\frac{\sqrt{a^2-y^2}}{y}\,dy=\int -1\,dx=-x+c.$ We can attack the left integral by using the substitution $y=a\sin\theta$, so $dy/d\theta=a\cos\theta$. This gives \begin{align*} \int\frac{\sqrt{a^2-y^2}}{y}\,dy &=\int\frac{\sqrt{a^2-a^2\sin^2\theta}}{a\sin\theta}\,a\cos\theta\,d\theta\\ &=\int\frac{a\cos\theta}{a\sin\theta}\,a\cos\theta\,d\theta\\ &=a\int\frac{\cos^2\theta}{\sin\theta}\,d\theta\\ &=a\int\frac{1-\sin^2\theta}{\sin\theta}\,d\theta\\ &=a\int\cosec\theta-\sin\theta\,d\theta\\ &=a(-\ln(\cosec\theta+\cot\theta)+\cos\theta) \end{align*}

(The integral of $\cosec\theta$ can be obtained by writing $\cosec\theta= \dfrac{\cosec\theta(\cosec\theta+\cot\theta)}{\cosec\theta+\cot\theta}$ and then noting that the numerator of this is minus the derivative of the denominator.)

As $\cos\theta=\sqrt{1-\sin^2\theta}=\sqrt{1-(y/a)^2}$, we can write the final integral in terms of $y$: \begin{align*} \int\frac{\sqrt{a^2-y^2}}{y}\,dy&= -a\ln\left(\frac{a}{y}+\frac{\sqrt{1-(y/a)^2}}{y/a}\right)+ a\sqrt{1-(y/a)^2}\\ &= -a\ln\left(\frac{a+\sqrt{a^2-y^2}}{y}\right)+a\sqrt{1-(y/a)^2} \end{align*}

and so we deduce that $-a\ln\left(\frac{a+\sqrt{a^2-y^2}}{y}\right)+ a\sqrt{1-\Bigl(\frac{y}{a}\Bigr)^2}=-x+c.$ At $x=0$, $y=a$, so $-a\ln 1+0=-0+c$, giving $c=0$.

So the equation of the path is $x=a\ln\left(\frac{a+\sqrt{a^2-y^2}}{y}\right)-\sqrt{a^2-y^2}.$

The path is called a tractrix.

You may well find that the answer you get using this approach is different from that obtained from Approach 2. Are they equivalent, or is one of the approaches flawed?